In what way was the Pharaoh viewed during the Middle Kingdom?

During the Middle Kingdom, the Pharaoh was viewed as a shepherd responsible for the people’s welfare. This perspective reflects the evolving role of the Pharaoh in Egyptian society, where the ruler was seen not only as a divine figure but also as a caretaker and protector of the populace. This conception emphasized the Pharaoh's duty to ensure the well-being and stability of the kingdom, which included managing resources, safeguarding against external threats, and overseeing building projects that contributed to the prosperity of the state.

The idea of the Pharaoh as a shepherd also ties into the broader themes of leadership and responsibility during this period. It created an expectation that the ruler would act in the best interest of the citizens, reinforcing the social contract between the Pharaoh and the people. This view marked a shift from an earlier, more militaristic approach in which rulers were primarily seen as war leaders or conquerors.

While other interpretations of the Pharaoh's role do exist, particularly in terms of absolute power or living in luxury, the shepherd metaphor aligns more closely with the social and political ideals of the Middle Kingdom, highlighting the Pharaoh's direct responsibility to his people. This period saw significant advancements in literature, art, and architecture, which further reflected the emphasis on societal welfare and the interconnectedness between rulers and their subjects