Why is the Middle Kingdom referred to as a "golden age" for ancient Egypt?

The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt, which lasted from approximately 2050 to 1710 BCE, is often referred to as a "golden age" primarily due to its stability and the initiatives taken for public welfare. During this period, Egypt experienced significant advancements in art, literature, and architecture, alongside a more centralized government.

This era was marked by a focus on domestic policies, including increased agricultural production and the construction of irrigation projects, which bolstered the economy. The government invested in the well-being of its citizens by improving the legal system and providing social services. This emphasis on stability and welfare initiatives created a sense of security and prosperity, which contributed to the flourishing of culture and the arts.

The other options, while they do reference significant aspects of ancient Egyptian history, do not encapsulate the reason why the Middle Kingdom is termed a "golden age." Extensive military conquests were more characteristic of other periods in ancient Egypt, such as the New Kingdom. The construction of massive pyramids is more associated with the Old Kingdom, particularly in the Fourth Dynasty. Lastly, while pharaohs were considered divine figures, this aspect of kingship is a broader characteristic of Egyptian civilization rather than specific to the Middle Kingdom. Thus, the stability and public